Docker的常用命令

帮助命令

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docker version        #显示Docker的版本信息
docker info           #显示Docker的系统信息，包括镜像和容器的数量
docker 命令 --help     #万能命令，显示Docker的所有命令
  • 帮助文档的命令：doc文档下，点击reference，里面的Command-line就是命令行，每个命令都可以查到。

镜像命令

docker images 查看所有本地主机上的镜像

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iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker images
REPOSITORY    TAG       IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
ubuntu        latest    e4c58958181a   8 weeks ago    77.8MB
hello-world   latest    9c7a54a9a43c   7 months ago   13.3kB

# 解释
REPOSITORY  镜像的仓库源
TAG         镜像的标签
IMAGE ID    镜像的id
CREATED     镜像的创建时间
SIZE         镜像的大小

# 可选项
-a, --all             #列出所有镜像
    --digests         Show digests
-f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
    --format string   Format output using a custom template:
                        'table':            Print output in table format with column headers (default)
                        'table TEMPLATE':   Print output in table format using the given Go template
                        'json':             Print in JSON format
                        'TEMPLATE':         Print output using the given Go template.
                        Refer to https://docs.docker.com/go/formatting/ for more information about
                        formatting output with templates
    --no-trunc        Don't truncate output

-q, --quiet           #显示镜像的ID

docker search 搜索镜像

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iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker search mysql
NAME                            DESCRIPTION                                      STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql                           MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   14664     [OK]       
mariadb                         MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   5594      [OK]       
percona                         Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relati…   622       [OK]       
phpmyadmin                      phpMyAdmin - A web interface for MySQL and M…   906       [OK]       
bitnami/mysql                   Bitnami MySQL Docker Image                       104                  [OK]


iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker search --help

可选项:
-f, --filter filter   Filter output based on conditions provided
--filter=STARS=3000  #搜索出来的镜像就是STARS大于3000的
#********************************
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker search mysql --filter=STARS=3000
NAME      DESCRIPTION                                      STARS     OFFICIAL   AUTOMATED
mysql     MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   14664     [OK]       
mariadb   MariaDB Server is a high performing open sou…   5594      [OK]   
#********************************

--format string   Pretty-print search using a Go template
--limit int       Max number of search results
--no-trunc        Don't truncate output

docker pull 下载镜像

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# 下载镜像 docker pull 镜像名[:tag]
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker pull mysql
Using default tag: latest  # 如果不写 tag，默认就是 latest
latest: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Pull complete     # 分层下载，docker iamge的核心 联合文件系统
93619dbc5b36: Pull complete 
99da31dd6142: Pull complete 
626033c43d70: Pull complete 
37d5d7efb64e: Pull complete 
ac563158d721: Pull complete 
d2ba16033dad: Pull complete 
688ba7d5c01a: Pull complete 
00e060b6d11d: Pull complete 
1c04857f594f: Pull complete 
4d7cfa90e6ea: Pull complete 
e0431212d27d: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:e9027fe4d91c0153429607251656806cc784e914937271037f7738bd5b8e7709 # 签名 防伪
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:latest
docker.io/library/mysql:latest # 真实地址

# 以下两者是等价的
docker pull mysql
docker pull docker.io/library/mysql:latest

# 指定版本下载
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker pull mysql:5.7
5.7: Pulling from library/mysql
72a69066d2fe: Already exists # 分层下载，使得不同版本能共用某些文件，这样极大的节省了内存空间
93619dbc5b36: Already exists 
99da31dd6142: Already exists 
626033c43d70: Already exists 
37d5d7efb64e: Already exists 
ac563158d721: Already exists 
d2ba16033dad: Already exists 
0ceb82207cd7: Pull complete 
37f2405cae96: Pull complete 
e2482e017e53: Pull complete 
70deed891d42: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:f2ad209efe9c67104167fc609cca6973c8422939491c9345270175a300419f94
Status: Downloaded newer image for mysql:5.7
docker.io/library/mysql:5.7

docker1 图片1

docker rmi 删除镜像

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iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker rmi -f 镜像id #删除指定的镜像
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker rmi -f 镜像id 镜像id 镜像id  # 删除多个镜像
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker rmi -f $(docker images -aq) # 删除全部镜像

容器命令

说明：我们有了镜像才可以创建容器，linux，下载一个centos镜像来测试学习

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docker pull centos

新建容器并启动

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docker run [可选参数] image

# 参数说明
--name="Name"   容器名字 tomcat01 tomcat02, 用来区分容器
-d              后台方式运行
-it             使用交互方式运行，进入容器查看内容
-p              指定容器的端口 -p 8080:8080
    -p ip:主机端口:容器端口
    -p 主机端口：容器端口（常用）
    -p 容器端口
    容器端口
-p            随即指定端口

# 测试，启动并进入容器
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker run -it centos bin/bash
[root@2e5cc43488e0 /]# ls   # 查看容器内的centos，基础版本，很多命令都是不完善的
bin  etc   lib      lost+found  mnt  proc  run   srv  tmp  var
dev  home  lib64  media       opt  root  sbin  sys  usr
[root@2e5cc43488e0 /]# exit # 退出容器

列出所有在运行的容器

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#docker ps 命令
-a # 列出当前正在运行的容器+带出历史运行过的容器
-n=? # 显示最近创建的容器
-q # 只显示容器的编号

iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND   CREATED   STATUS    PORTS     NAMES
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND       CREATED         STATUS                      PORTS     NAMES
2e5cc43488e0   centos         "bin/bash"    2 minutes ago   Exited (0) 51 seconds ago             sharp_spence
a2633b88f9b5   hello-world    "/hello"      16 hours ago    Exited (0) 16 hours ago               optimistic_leakey
d0d48538cbec   hello-world    "/hello"      4 days ago      Exited (0) 4 days ago                 beautiful_mclaren


iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker ps -a -n=1
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND      CREATED         STATUS                     PORTS     NAMES
2e5cc43488e0   centos    "bin/bash"   3 minutes ago   Exited (0) 2 minutes ago             sharp_spence

退出容器

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exit # 直接停止容器并退出
Ctrl + P + Q # 容器不停止退出

删除容器

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docker rm 容器id            # 删除指定的容器，不能删除正在运行的容器，如果强制删除 rm -f
docker rm -f $(docker ps -aq)    # 删除所有的容器
docker ps -a -q|xargs docker rm # 删除所有的容器

启动和停止容器的操作

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docker start 容器id    # 启动容器
docker restart 容器id    # 重启容器
docker stop 容器id    # 停止当前正在运行的容器
docker kill 容器id    # 强制停止当前容器

常用其他命令

后台启动容器

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# 命令 docker run -d 镜像名:
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker run -d centos
#问题docker ps，发现 centos停止了

# 常见的坑，docker 容器使用后台运行，就必须要有一个前台进程，docker发现没有应用，就会自动停止
# nginx，容器启动后，发现自己没有提供服务，就会立即停止，没有程序了

image-20231203124549822

查看日志

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docker logs -f -t --tail 容器

# 如果没有日志，可以自己编写一段shell脚本
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker run -d centos /bin/sh -c  "while true;do echo abc;sleep 1;done"

#iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS         PORTS     NAMES
b8c7b5f31707   centos    "/bin/sh -c 'while t…"   8 seconds ago   Up 6 seconds             kind_dewdney

# 显示日志
 -tf              # 显示日志
 --tail number  # 要显示日志条数
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker logs -tf --tail 10 b8c7b5f31707

查看容器中进程信息 ps

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# 命令 docker top 容器id
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker top 45193e60990d
UID                 PID                 PPID                C                   STIME               TTY                 TIME                CMD
root                4511                4471                0                   19:28               pts/0               00:00:00            /bin/bash

查看镜像源数据

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# 命令 docker inspect 容器id

# 可选项
-f, --format string   Format output using a custom template:
                        'json':             Print in JSON format
                        'TEMPLATE':         Print output using the given Go template.
                        Refer to https://docs.docker.com/go/formatting/ for more information about formatting output with
                        templates
  -s, --size            Display total file sizes if the type is container
      --type string     Return JSON for specified type




iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker inspect b8c7b5f31707
[
    {
        "Id": "b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c",
        "Created": "2023-12-03T05:02:48.706377904Z",
        "Path": "/bin/sh",
        "Args": [
            "-c",
            "while true;do echo abc;sleep 1;done"
        ],
        "State": {
            "Status": "exited",
            "Running": false,
            "Paused": false,
            "Restarting": false,
            "OOMKilled": false,
            "Dead": false,
            "Pid": 0,
            "ExitCode": 137,
            "Error": "",
            "StartedAt": "2023-12-03T05:02:49.616046085Z",
            "FinishedAt": "2023-12-03T05:06:04.965945912Z"
        },
        "Image": "sha256:5d0da3dc976460b72c77d94c8a1ad043720b0416bfc16c52c45d4847e53fadb6",
        "ResolvConfPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c/resolv.conf",
        "HostnamePath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c/hostname",
        "HostsPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c/hosts",
        "LogPath": "/var/lib/docker/containers/b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c/b8c7b5f317075244f4361437ea4ce0396823960e31974c3ed40a4b811f39068c-json.log",
        "Name": "/kind_dewdney",
        "RestartCount": 0,
        "Driver": "overlay2",
        "Platform": "linux",
        "MountLabel": "",
        "ProcessLabel": "",
        "AppArmorProfile": "docker-default",
        "ExecIDs": null,
        "HostConfig": {
            "Binds": null,
            "ContainerIDFile": "",
            "LogConfig": {
                "Type": "json-file",
                "Config": {}
            },
            "NetworkMode": "default",
            "PortBindings": {},
            "RestartPolicy": {
                "Name": "no",
                "MaximumRetryCount": 0
            },
            "AutoRemove": false,
            "VolumeDriver": "",
            "VolumesFrom": null,
            "ConsoleSize": [
                24,
                80
            ],
            "CapAdd": null,
            "CapDrop": null,
            "CgroupnsMode": "private",
            "Dns": [],
            "DnsOptions": [],
            "DnsSearch": [],
            "ExtraHosts": null,
            "GroupAdd": null,
            "IpcMode": "private",
            "Cgroup": "",
            "Links": null,
            "OomScoreAdj": 0,
            "PidMode": "",
            "Privileged": false,
            "PublishAllPorts": false,
            "ReadonlyRootfs": false,
            "SecurityOpt": null,
            "UTSMode": "",
            "UsernsMode": "",
            "ShmSize": 67108864,
            "Runtime": "runc",
            "Isolation": "",
            "CpuShares": 0,
            "Memory": 0,
            "NanoCpus": 0,
            "CgroupParent": "",
            "BlkioWeight": 0,
            "BlkioWeightDevice": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadBps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceWriteBps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceReadIOps": [],
            "BlkioDeviceWriteIOps": [],
            "CpuPeriod": 0,
            "CpuQuota": 0,
            "CpuRealtimePeriod": 0,
            "CpuRealtimeRuntime": 0,
            "CpusetCpus": "",
            "CpusetMems": "",
            "Devices": [],
            "DeviceCgroupRules": null,
            "DeviceRequests": null,
            "MemoryReservation": 0,
            "MemorySwap": 0,
            "MemorySwappiness": null,
            "OomKillDisable": null,
            "PidsLimit": null,
            "Ulimits": null,
            "CpuCount": 0,
            "CpuPercent": 0,
            "IOMaximumIOps": 0,
            "IOMaximumBandwidth": 0,
            "MaskedPaths": [
                "/proc/asound",
                "/proc/acpi",
                "/proc/kcore",
                "/proc/keys",
                "/proc/latency_stats",
                "/proc/timer_list",
                "/proc/timer_stats",
                "/proc/sched_debug",
                "/proc/scsi",
                "/sys/firmware",
                "/sys/devices/virtual/powercap"
            ],
            "ReadonlyPaths": [
                "/proc/bus",
                "/proc/fs",
                "/proc/irq",
                "/proc/sys",
                "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
            ]
        },
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/cd4df83ee866f8f211fff6bab2a3dfe6fe57d6096754d6390df91c997d87420b-init/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/17ed3a01cf050df63ae92a06a1d3c2e10573ac15ce450b7590affda6a7e88080/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/cd4df83ee866f8f211fff6bab2a3dfe6fe57d6096754d6390df91c997d87420b/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/cd4df83ee866f8f211fff6bab2a3dfe6fe57d6096754d6390df91c997d87420b/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/cd4df83ee866f8f211fff6bab2a3dfe6fe57d6096754d6390df91c997d87420b/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "Mounts": [],
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "b8c7b5f31707",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "while true;do echo abc;sleep 1;done"
            ],
            "Image": "centos",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "org.label-schema.build-date": "20210915",
                "org.label-schema.license": "GPLv2",
                "org.label-schema.name": "CentOS Base Image",
                "org.label-schema.schema-version": "1.0",
                "org.label-schema.vendor": "CentOS"
            }
        },
        "NetworkSettings": {
            "Bridge": "",
            "SandboxID": "3dc39d8c49ab26e8d33429d9df18f123f5f253de1b0351bb1f74e05e8ee22342",
            "HairpinMode": false,
            "LinkLocalIPv6Address": "",
            "LinkLocalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "Ports": {},
            "SandboxKey": "/var/run/docker/netns/3dc39d8c49ab",
            "SecondaryIPAddresses": null,
            "SecondaryIPv6Addresses": null,
            "EndpointID": "",
            "Gateway": "",
            "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
            "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
            "IPAddress": "",
            "IPPrefixLen": 0,
            "IPv6Gateway": "",
            "MacAddress": "",
            "Networks": {
                "bridge": {
                    "IPAMConfig": null,
                    "Links": null,
                    "Aliases": null,
                    "NetworkID": "af2411cafe6c9ea5ab439c16bb0e87a9c69b3fb049352b998fbdc0565f790ff0",
                    "EndpointID": "",
                    "Gateway": "",
                    "IPAddress": "",
                    "IPPrefixLen": 0,
                    "IPv6Gateway": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6Address": "",
                    "GlobalIPv6PrefixLen": 0,
                    "MacAddress": "",
                    "DriverOpts": null
                }
            }
        }
    }
]

进入当前正在运行的容器

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# 我们通常容器都是使用后台方式运行的，需要进入容器，修改一些配置

# 命令
docker exec -it 容器id bashshell

# 测试
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND       CREATED        STATUS        PORTS     NAMES
45193e60990d   centos    "/bin/bash"   10 hours ago   Up 10 hours             modest_hypatia
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker exec -it 45193e60990d
"docker exec" requires at least 2 arguments.
See 'docker exec --help'.

Usage:  docker exec [OPTIONS] CONTAINER COMMAND [ARG...]

Execute a command in a running container
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker exec -it 45193e60990d /bin/bash
[root@45193e60990d /]# ps -ef
UID          PID    PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root           1       0  0 11:28 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root          15       0  0 14:36 pts/1    00:00:00 /bin/bash
root          29      15  0 14:36 pts/1    00:00:00 ps -ef


# 方式二
dokcer attach 容器id

# 测试
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker attach 45193e60990d  
正在执行当前的代码....

# docker exec # 进入容器后开启一个新的终端
# docker attach # 进入容器正在执行的终端，不会启动新的进程

从容器内拷贝文件到主机上

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# 命令 docker cp 容器id:容器内路径 目的主机路径

# 查看当前主机目录下
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ ls
555.java  iyheart
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
f7128d9a8bd9   centos         "/bin/bash"               4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 13 seconds ago              condescending_bhaskara

# 进入docker容器内部
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ docker attach f7128d9a8bd9
[root@f7128d9a8bd9 /]# cd /home
[root@f7128d9a8bd9 home]# ls
# 在容器内新建一个文件
[root@f7128d9a8bd9 home]# touch test.java
[root@f7128d9a8bd9 home]# ls
test.java
[root@f7128d9a8bd9 home]# exit
exit
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE          COMMAND                   CREATED         STATUS                       PORTS     NAMES
f7128d9a8bd9   centos         "/bin/bash"               4 minutes ago   Exited (0) 13 seconds ago              condescending_bhaskara
# 将这文件拷贝出来到主机上

iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ docker cp f7128d9a8bd9:/home/test.java /home
Successfully copied 1.54kB to /home
open /home/test.java: permission denied

# 注意这里出现报错，报错的原因是因为主机终端权限不足
# 这里只需要在docker命令前面添加sudo即可

iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ sudo docker cp f7128d9a8bd9:/home/test.java /home
Successfully copied 1.54kB to /home
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:/home$ ls
555.java  iyheart  test.java

# 拷贝是一个手动的过程，未来我们使用 -v 卷的技术，可以实现连通

作业练习

docker部署Nignx

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# 启动docker
systemctl start docker

# 查看docker是否能正常运行
docker version
或者也可以使用指令 docker info

# 查看nignx
可以使用指令docker search nignx
也可以在docker hub上搜索nignx（推荐）（有帮助文档和指定版本）

# 拉取nignx镜像
docker pull nignx

# 运行nignx并测试
# 运行
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker run -d --name nginx01 -p3344:80 nginx
# -d 后台运行
# --name 给容器命名
# -p 宿主机端口:容器内部端口
######### （尚未解决）测试如何用公网访问Nginx  问题：不知道是哪个ip:80


# 进入nginx所在容器
iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker exec -it nginx01 /bin/bash

# 查看nginx所在配置
root@af25ad564c6a:/# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/lib/nginx /etc/nginx /usr/share/nginx
root@af25ad564c6a:/# cd /etc/nginx
root@af25ad564c6a:/etc/nginx# ls
conf.d        mime.types  nginx.conf     uwsgi_params
fastcgi_params    modules     scgi_params

image-20231204185046935

image-20231204185121865

image-20231204185145077

image-20231204185200515

image-20231204190057224

  • iyheart@iyheart-virtual-machine:~$ docker run -d —name nginx01 -p3344:80 nginx指令的意思：让外网能访问到docker容器内部的nginx

image-20231204190248753

  • 思考问题：我们每改动nginx配置文件，都需要进入容器内部，这十分麻烦。要是可以在容器外部提供一个映射路径，达到在容器修改文件名，容器内部就可以自动修改？ -v 数据卷

docker部署Tomcat

docker部署ES+Kibana